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This is my machine that I modified. I have hobbies in electronics, and I have applied it to my other hobby which is coffee. I added 2 PID controllers which regulate the two individual boilers in the machine. One for the brew boiler and one for the steam boiler. The controllers initiate the solid state relays which completes the AC circuit to the heaters attached to the boilers. I can set the temperature of the boilers to whatever I want. The temperature is regulated constantly at my desired set point; this allows me to replicate good espresso shots every time. Also the digital timer allows me to pull espresso shots automatically so I do not have to manually turn off the pump.

The cost of the total project was $400 which is an extremely good price for a dual boiler espresso machine. (I bought a used kitchen aid pro line dual boiler espresso machine(parts made by gaggia). The cheapest dual boilers cost $2000 on average.

I actually own 2 retired commercial grinders. One is a astoria super Jolly (as seen in the video) The other is a Rossi RR45 (not in the video; its in my school’s shop, designing another 3d print chute). A good grinder is essential for high quality coffee as it ensures all coffee particles will extract at the same rate. The cheapest grinder for espresso will require you to spend a minimum of $200. FYI my grinders average around $1000 a piece when purchased new.

Coffee used in the video is red bird espresso (1 week old). Coffee is considered stale after 1 month of roasting. Flavors during this stale period will be mute. You will not taste flavors like berries, peanut butter, chocolate, mangos ,etc. with stale coffee.

Parts I used:
-2 PIDs(auber clones from ebay seller name is happybuyersstore or globalbuyersstore)
-sestos digital timer (B2E AC version…IMO better than Auber timer for this particular application)
-rancilio v1 steam wand
- 12v wall plug adapter from an old home phone to power the PIDs (they run on 12v dc .5-1 amp is safe to use)
- Safety 3 amp fuse to protect the controllers from excessive current
-Project box was extracted from a broken ATX computer power supply
-terminal block
-14 gauge wire

for those curious of how I modified my machine please check out my flikr album:

The link above shows how I planned, designed, and built my espresso machine.

I hope you enjoyed this video.

This video is meant for my university applications so negative comments will be removed.

Types of Sensors│ Different types of sensors│ Classification of sensor│
Hi everybody, today I will share about Types of Sensor.

This video you learn following about Types of Sensor. Sensors are classified based on the nature of quantity they measure. Following are the types of sensors with few examples.
1. Acoustic and sound sensors.
A sensor is used to measure sense an environment and converts this information into a digital or analogue data signal that can be interpreted by a computer or observer. An acoustic wave sensor is an electronic device that can measure sound levels.
For Example, Microphone, Hydrophone.
2. Automotive sensors.
Automotive sensor is one of the largest sensor companies in the world, with innovative sensor solutions that help customers transform concepts into smart, connected creations.
For example, Speedometer, Radar gun, Speedometer, fuel ratio meter.
3. Chemical Sensors.
A chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information composition, presence of a particular element or ion, concentration, chemical activity, partial pressure into an analytically useful signal.
For example, Ph sensor, Sensors to detect presences of different gases or liquids.
4. Electric and Magnetic Sensors.
Magnetic sensors differ from most other detectors in that they do not
directly measure the physical property of interest
For example, Galvanometer, Hall sensor measures flux density, Metal detector.
5. Environmental Sensors.
Environmental sensors include barometric pressure sensors as well as integrated environmental sensors. These integrated sensors combine barometric air pressure, humidity, ambient air temperature sensing functions as well as air quality measuring.
For example, Rain gauge, snow gauge, moisture sensor.
6. Optical Sensors.
Optical sensors are electronic detectors that convert light, or a change in light, into an electronic signal. They are used in many industrial and consumer applications,
For example, Photo diode, Photo transistor, Wave front sensor.
7. Mechanical Sensors.
Mechanical sensors are used for positioning and limit switch tasks on machine tools and presses, flexible production centers, robots, assembly and conveying equipment, and in machine and plant construction. For decades, they have proven their worth as the traditional strongmen of automation.
For example, Strain Gauge, Potential meter measures displacement.
8. Thermal and Temperature sensors.
The thermal response of a temperature sensor is the speed at which it responds to a sudden change in temperature. Thermal response time is the time taken for the sensor to react to this change in temperature.
For example, Calorimeter, Thermocouple, Thermostat, Gordon gauge.
9. Proximity and Presences sensors
A proximity or presences sensor is the one which is able to detect the presences of nearby objects without any physical contact. They usually emit electromagnetic radiations and detect the changes in reflected signal if any.
For example, Doppler radar, Motion detector.
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